{"id":6950,"date":"2026-05-09T02:50:26","date_gmt":"2026-05-09T02:50:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/?p=6950"},"modified":"2026-05-10T02:48:07","modified_gmt":"2026-05-10T02:48:07","slug":"a-brief-history-of-super-absorbent-polymer-sap-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/ru\/a-brief-history-of-super-absorbent-polymer-sap-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (SAP)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"722\">\u0421\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b (SAP) - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 SAP \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0445\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 SAP \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430, \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a, \u0433\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0430.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1546\" style=\"width: 2560px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1546\" src=\"https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"GELSAP \u0423\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/saphydrogels.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GELSAP-Water-retention-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">GELSAP \u0423\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"779\">\u0414\u043e 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432: \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"1143\">\u0414\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 SAPs \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430, \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a, \u0433\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0445-\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 20 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1191\">1960s: \u0420\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1192\" data-end=\"1692\">\u0412 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 (USDA) \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0445. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0443, \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 400 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1747\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 1960-\u0445 - 1970-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1748\" data-end=\"2175\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0440\u044c\u044f, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443 (\u041a\u041c\u0426), \u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0442 (\u041f\u0412\u0410) \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0434 (\u0418\u041c\u0410). \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044e SAP \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2177\" data-end=\"2219\">1970s: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2220\" data-end=\"2484\">\u0412 1970-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e SAP \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2486\" data-end=\"2530\">1980s: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2531\" data-end=\"2809\">\u0412 1982 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 SAP \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u0412\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f UniCharm \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a SAP \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0444\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2811\" data-end=\"2856\">\u041e\u0442 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 SAP<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2857\" data-end=\"3182\">\u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 SAP \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3378\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a SAP \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b-\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3380\" data-end=\"3440\">\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3441\" data-end=\"3881\">\u0412\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 - \u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 - \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445, 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\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3883\" data-end=\"3899\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3900\" data-end=\"4232\">\u041e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 - \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. 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